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CHINA PAINTERS ABC"S « Thread Started on Nov 11, 2005, 11:46pm »
Dear All, The following is a great new idea by Henk de Vries. This will be fun. Thanks Henk.
MESSAGE FROM HENK: " Porcelain Painters ABC. Sometimes we have trouble to understand the hobby slang of experienced porcelain painters. As an example what is “B of C with Rosemary” Are they talking about desperate house wives or has it really something to do with porcelain painting. At such a moment an China painters dictionary should be very handy. ================================================================== For the Dutch Porcelain Painters Dictionary see: http://www.porseleinschildergenootschap.nl/ and select ABC.
For a German Ceramic glossary see: www.kalkspatz.de ================================================================== All information in this forum is given for free for non-commercial personal use, with no reliability for any problem or damage caused by using it. ==================================================================
« Last Edit: Dec 19, 2008, 5:13pm by Henk de Vries »
Member of IPAT and Dutch Porcelain Painters Association.
Joined: Aug 2005 Gender: Male Posts: 591 Location: Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
Re: CHINA PAINTERS ABC"S « Reply #1 on Nov 21, 2005, 10:57am »
A
Abrasives Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), Silicon carbide(SiC) are the most important materials for grinding and polishing in all kind of industries. Also for ceramics. But when Silicon carbide is used special care must be taken for cleaning. When silicon carbide particles stay behind they can react with the glaze and paint. At temperatures of 700 oC or higher silicon carbide act as a reducing component. When using a copper oxide containing glaze or paint the normal green color will change to red. Also other colors might change and giving dark spots.
Aceite de palo. See: Balsam of Copaiba.
Acetate. Acetate paper is a semi transparent tracing aid. Place shiny side down and then trace your pattern with a pencil on the non-shiny side.
Acetone. Acetone CH3COCH3 or Dimethylketon (DMK) or 2-propanon is also formed in small amounts in our body. Diabetics breath can contain acetone what you can smell. The MAC (maximum allowable concentration) is 750 ppm (parts per million) or 1780 mg/m3. It gives irritation of eyes , lungs and skin. It dissolves all kind of fat so it dries your skin extremely. Use gloves (no vinyl or latex) to handle it. Taking care, acetone can be used safely for cleaning your plates before painting. Larger amounts are toxic. Inhalation may lead to hepatoxic liver damage. It is very lightly flammable so do not use it by open fire.
Accidental spill of essential oils on your skin. Remove the oil as soon as possible with a (paper) towel. Then use lots of baby, olive, ground-nut or sunflower oil to dilute the essential oil and wipe off with (paper) towel. Repeat this until you do not smell the essential oil any longer. Rinsing off with water is not effective
Adherence of burnishing gold. To apply liquid burnishing gold on a bisque part of porcelain first apply a layer f liquid bright gold to give a better adherence. After firing apply a layer of the burnishing gold. Take care not to touch the bright gold with your fingers as that will give problems. Also do not touch the burnishing gold with your fingers before you have polished it.
Agate burnisher. Agate is the crystalline form of quartz (SiO2). Agate burnishers are polished agate stones. They are used for polishing matt gold on porcelain or to create polished designs on the finished matt gold surface.
Aluminum oxide. Synonyms; Corundum, Al2O3 The mineral corundum is widely used as grinding material. Pure Aluminum oxide in crystalized form is known as ruby and sapphire. Traces of chromium give the red color of ruby and traces of titanium and iron the blue color of sapphire. Aluminum oxide with a melting point of 2050 oC is one of the basic components of clay and glazes. It improves the corrosion and erosion resistance of glazes. High amounts of an Aluminum oxide result in matt glazes. It’s also used as a kiln wash to prevent sticking of glass or glazed objects to the bottom plates during firing. Combination of Aluminum oxide with pigments improves the stability at high temperatures. (See also; kaolin, bentonite, kiln wash, glazes.)
Allergy. An allergy occurs when the body's immune system overreacts to normally harmless substances. Allergic reactions are caused by substances in the environment known as allergens. Almost anything can be an allergen for someone. The most common allergens are: pollen from trees and grasses, house dust mite, molds, pets such as cats and dogs, insects like wasps and bees, industrial and household chemicals, medicines, and foods such as milk and eggs. For porcelain painters the most important allergen is “turpentine”. Those painters should use “copaiba” or “water-base” mediums instead. Also the lavender oils (lavender, lavandin, spike) and clove oil are frequently mentioned to give allergic reactions. Then use of “rosemary” oil is advised.
Arabic gum. Arabic gum or “Gummi Arabicum” is the oleoresin of the tree Acacia Senegal and contains mainly sacharides and glycoproteins. It is used for postal stamps as wetted with water it becomes sticky. In porcelain painting it is used in water based mediums. Other Acacia trees give comparable gums.
Armrest. To ease painting a simple armrest can be made out of plywood. In the picture a right-handed armrest is shown but it can also be made mirror like for left-handed painters. See:
Also the drawings for the armrest based on information obtained from Uwe Geissler, Andreas Knobl, Frida Herbold and many others in Germany. See:
and also
Ashes of roses. This is a grey-blue-red used in China around 1700. Franz Bischoff invented around 1900 his own version of Ashes of roses. See; http://www.tfaoi.com/distingu/fb1.htm See also; Pink to rubi porcelain colors.
Aspic oil. Spike lavender oil, also called Lavender Spike or just Spike Oil is known in France as Aspic. The oil is steam distilled from the flowering tops of the stout plant, Lavandula Latifolia which, together with true lavender, are the parents of the hybrid Lavandin. The spike or aspic plant grows wild in or around its homeland, the Mediterranean countries, particularly in Spain, France, Yugoslavia, Italy and scattered in many places in North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean countries and islands. It is used to keep fat oil or Copaiva balsam longer open.
« Last Edit: May 18, 2010, 5:52am by Henk de Vries »
Member of IPAT and Dutch Porcelain Painters Association.
Joined: Aug 2005 Gender: Male Posts: 591 Location: Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
Re: CHINA PAINTERS ABC"S « Reply #2 on Mar 6, 2006, 7:36am »
B
B of C B’samo de copayba. See: Balsam of Copaiba.
Balm of Gilead. Balsam Fir. See: Canada Balsam.
Balsam of Copaiba. (Synonyms: Copaiba, copaipera, cupayba, copauba, copal, copaiva, copaiba-verdadeira, Jesuit’s balsam, copaibeura-de-Minas, cobeni, Matidisguate, matisihuati, mal-dos-sete-dias, aceite de palo, pau-de-oleo, b’samo de copayba). Balsam of Copaiba is the oleoresin from the Copaifera Langsdorfii tree. This large tree is found in the tropical rain forest of South America. It is harvested by tapping or drilling holes into the wood of the trunk and collecting the resin that drips out. A single Copaifera Langsdorfii tree can provide about 40 liters of oleoresin per year. In the Amazon copaiba is used topically by indigenous tribes and healers as a cicatrizant for skin sores for all types of pain, insect bites, and to cool inflammation. In Brazilian herbal medicine today it is used as a strong antiseptic and expectorant for the respiratory and the urinary tract, as a topical anti-inflammatory agent for all types of skin disorders. Porcelain painters use it as a non toxic non allergic painting medium. The initial oily resin is clear, thin, and colorless; it thickens and darkens upon contact with air. To make it thinner small additions of essential oils like Rosemary, Clove and Lavender is used. The vapour of pure Clove oil and Lavender oil are irritating eyes and lungs. The painters of the famous Porcelain Manufacturers Hutschenreuter & Rosenthal in Germany use only Copaiba with Rosemary or Clove, as painting medium.
Barium sulfate. Barium sulfate BaSO4 is used as a mattifying agent added to fluxed colors. Barium sulfate is used as a contrast substance for X-ray examination. Base for Gold. Base for gold is a white powder which when mixed with oil will gives a raised surface that can be tainted with china paints for a colored enamel look. Leave white for accent touches such as highlights. Once fired, it can be covered with gold for a beautiful raised gold look. It can also be used to fuse glass to porcelain. I-Relief is basically the same thing but will give a higher texture. See: Gold, Gold paint for glass and porcelain, Gold painting on porcelain. For further information on gold, see; http://www.porcelainpainters.com/goldhome.html Here is a possible formula for a similar enamel: pulverized feldspar -27 parts borax - 18 parts sand -4 parts potash, nitre, and ball clay - 3 parts each. Then add 3 parts of borax reduced to fine powder.
Bat wash. See; Kiln wash.
Bentonite. Bentonite is a clay generated from the alteration of volcanic ash. There are two main types of Bentonite: Natural Sodium Bentonite (Synonym; Sodium Montmorillonite) Natural Calcium Montmorillonite (Synonym; Calcium Bentonite) Bentonites are not toxic. Natural sodium bentonite originates from its discovery near Fort Benton, USA. Sodium-Bentonite, consisting of smectite three-layer clay minerals. They consist of two tetrahedral layers and one octahedral layer. The extent of hydration produces intercrystalline swelling. Sodium-Bentonite presents strong colloidal properties and its volume increases several times when coming into contact with water, creating a gelatinous viscous fluid. Sodium-Bentonite is widely used in glazes and porcelain casting clays. Natural Calcium Montmorillonite originates from Montmorillon in France. Calcium bentonites are characterized by much lower swelling and liquid limit values compared to natural sodium bentonite. Sodium activated Montmorillonites are produced by the substitution of calcium by sodium. This transformation can be achieved by the addition of a soluble sodium salt to calcium montmorillonites.
Berry brush. A berry brush is a small pointed brush, about a #3 Dresden Brush, used to wipe out berries.
BFG. Base for Gold. See: Gold.
Bisque. Synonym; biscuit. Low fired unglazed objects, normally not or partly vitrified to be finished at a later time. High fired completely vitrified ornamental finished objects like figurines, statues, animals and translucent plates. Also non-glazed parts of porcelain objects acting as an ornamental point of interest.
Black porcelain. Porcelain with a body completely colored black with cobalt and manganese xides, fired in the range of 1250-1350°C to a complete vitrified state. Rosenthal in Selb Germany brought it on the market about 1970. See also, Porcelain Noir, Black stoneware. Black stoneware, Black Basalt, Egyptian Black Basalt. Stoneware with a body completely colored black with cobalt and manganese oxides, fired in the range of 1200-1315°C to a normally partially vitrified state. Josiah Wedgwood first advertised it in 1774. See also Porcelain noire.
Black stoneware, Black Basalt, Egyptian Black Basalt.Stoneware with a body completely colored black with cobalt and manganese oxides, fired in the range of 1200-1315°C to a normally partially vitrified state. Josiah Wedgwood first advertised it in 1774. See also Porcelain noire.
Blue resist gel. A gel made of toluene, also known as toluol or methylbenzene. This liquid masking resist is waterproof. Frequent inhalation of toluene vapour must be avoided as this can lead to brain damage. See: Toluene.
Body stains. Originally minerals containing high amounts of metal oxides were used to give certain colours to clay and glazes. Cobalt blue, Copper green, Chromium yellow-pink, Nickel blue, manganese violet-brown, Iron red-brown. The resulting colour was greatly influenced by the composition of the clay or glaze used. With the better understanding of the chemical and physical reactions during firing glazed ceramics and high purity materials for stains practically every colour can be obtained. But still the combination of glaze and porcelain paint result in a certain colour. Using the same paint on another type of glaze might give a complete different colour! Also, the temperature is a controlling factor. Furthermore the kiln atmosphere, in most of our kilns oxidizing but under certain conditions reducing. Some examples; -Tin-base glaze plus gray copper oxide gives a transparent bright red colour in reducing atmosphere and a green colour in oxidizing atmosphere. -Nickel oxide in a borate containing glaze give bright yellow, adding zinc oxide turns the colour in rose - aquamarine - light blue! Using a lead base glaze gives violet or dark brown! -Chromium oxide is temperature dependent; in a normal lead base glaze at 900EC red, at 950 oC red-green, at 1000 oC dark green. Increasing holding time makes greener. -Painting first with a normal yellow and later with red will result in a disaster, it’s impossible to get any red over the yellow. Always painting first the red and then the yellow colours. -When you like to combine yellow with another colour use the special “mixing yellow”.
Bone China. See; Porcelain.
Bookstand. A very simple bookstand can be made from plywood, see the photo and the design. Do not glue the two parts, then you can take the separate parts more easily with you.
Bunny brush. See; Mop brush.
Burnishing. See: Polishing.
Buthylene glycol (1,4 butanediol) (C4H10O2) Buthylene glycol is used industrially as a solvent and in the manufacture of some types of plastics and fibers. Also for printing inks, kitchen cleaners, cheap cosmetics, water based paints. Not to be used for water based porcelain painting mediums. Buthylene glycol is toxic. It exerts effects similar to -hydroxybutyrate (GHB), which is a metabolic product of 1,4-butanediol. It may cause damage to the liver as well as to other vital organs. Abuse has also resulted in addiction and death. A toy called Bindeez (Aqua Dots in North America) was recalled by the distributor in November 2007 because of the presence of 1,4-butanediol (buthyleneglycol).
« Last Edit: May 18, 2010, 5:56am by Henk de Vries »
Member of IPAT and Dutch Porcelain Painters Association.
Joined: Aug 2005 Gender: Male Posts: 591 Location: Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
Re: CHINA PAINTERS ABC"S « Reply #3 on Dec 26, 2006, 8:42am »
C
Canada balsam. (Synonyms; Balsam Fir, Balm of Gilead.) Obtained from the Canadian Pine tree “Abies Balsamea” (Pinus Balsamea). Like Copaiba, Canada Balsam is an effective antiseptic and healing agents used as a healing and analgesic protective covering for burns, bruises, wounds. The resin is said to be also antiscorbutic, diaphoretic, diuretic. It was widely used medicinally by various North American Indian tribes.
Carnation oil. Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) holds an important place in perfumery. Southern France, Italy, Egypt, and Kenya are now the main sources of carnation flowers for perfumery use. The flowers are extracted with volatile solvents and on treatment with alcohol gives carnation absolute. Steam-distilled flowers are used for carnation oil. There is a difference in chemical compositions of absolutes and steam-distilled oils. Carnation absolute is very expensive and only used for perfumes and in de luxe fragrances, because of its high price. Synthetic carnation compounds or their components have replaced the absolute in less expensive perfumes. To check carnation absolute for purity place a drop on a piece of paper, it will evaporate quickly and leave no oily mark indicating that it has not been cut with vegetable oils. Those cheaper Carnation oils are sometime used as medium for porcelain painting due to its nice flavor, the properties are in general similar to other vegetable oils.
Carving. Carving is wiping back areas of paint to create a pattern such as leaves and stems. This creates a background pattern.
Cats tongue brush. A cat’s tongue is a brush that tapers gently to a rounded point, like a cat tongue.
Cave paintings. The 15000-20000 year old cave paintings of Altamira and Lascaux were already painted with brushes made of animal hair connected to sticks!!! See; Hair for brushes. The Altamira cave is situated in the North of Spain. http://www.deutsches-museum.de/e_index.htm The Lascaux cave is situated in the Dordonge France. http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/en/ Both caves are not any longer open for the public to preserve the paintings. Exact to scale copies are made for the public. See above web sites.
Celadon. Celadon porcelain is characterized by its jade-like glaze, originally produced in the Longquan County, in the Zhejiang Province, known as longquan qingci. This Chinese name means greenish porcelain. Originally produced by using porcelain clay with additions of minerals containing traces of iron, chromium, nickel, tin and titanium. A reducing atmosphere was obtained in firing with cherry and cedar wood. With our modern glazes and pigments and firing under oxidizing conditions we still cannot compete the real celadon.
Ceramic. Ceramics are fired earthy minerals like Aluminum-, magnesium-, calcium-, and siliconoxides and combined compounds. Modern manufacturing methods with chemically prepared powders as a starting material in order to control purity, heterogeneity, particle-size and distribution, are used for special purpose advanced ceramics. Ceramics cover; structural clay products, white-wares, refractories, glasses, abrasives, cements and advanced ceramics including bio-ceramics, superconductors, magnets, etc. White-wares include dinnerware, floor and wall tiles, sanitary ware, electrical porcelain and decorative items. Glasses include flat glass (windows), container glass (bottles), pressed and blown glass (dinnerware and decorative items), glass fibers (home insulation), and advanced/specialty glass (optical fibers)
Ceramic structure. The atoms in ceramic materials are held together by a chemical bond. The micro structure can be entirely crystalline(pottery, earthen-ware, stone-ware, low grades porcelain); or a combination of crystalline and glassy (vitrified porcelains, bone China), or entirely glassy (glasses only) In the combination of crystalline and glassy, the glassy phase usually surrounds small crystals, bonding them together. The atomic structures primarily affect the chemical, physical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. The micro structure also affect these properties but has its major effect on mechanical properties.
Ceramic properties. Generally speaking, ceramics are; hard, wear-resistant, brittle, refractory, thermal insulators, electrical insulators, nonmagnetic, oxidation resistant, prone to thermal shock, and chemically stable. Of course there are many exceptions to these generalizations. For example, borosilicate glasses and certain glass ceramics are very resistant to thermal shock. Also, some ceramics are excellent electrical conductors and an entire commercial market is based on the fact that certain ceramics (ferrites) are magnetic.
Ceramic compositions. Originally potters used the clay from the area where they lived, giving a great variation in clay compositions used. Furthermore the construction of the wood fired kilns and the experience of the potter defined the quality of his product. The everywhere available ball clay and low firing temperatures resulted in the common earthenware. The Chinese kaoline clay and higher firing temperatures resulted in the first porcelain. Certain places are still famous for their high quality kaolin (Guangxi in China, Piedmont plateau in Georgia, Saskatchewan in Canada, Limoge in France) See also; Earthenware. Stoneware, Porcelain, Bone China.
Ceramic glazes. A glaze is a vitreous coating to a ceramic material whose primary purposes are protection and decoration. Glazes can be onsidered specialized forms of glass and described as amorphous solids. Glazing is functionally important for pottery, earthenware and stoneware vessels, which would otherwise be unsuitable for holding liquids due to porosity. Glaze is also functionally and decoratively used on porcelain. In addition, aesthetic concerns include a smooth pleasing surface, the degree of gloss and finished color. Glazes may also enhance an underlying design or texture which may be either the natural texture of the clay or an inscribed, carved or painted design. Decoration applied under the glaze is generally referred to as under-glaze. Examples of Underglaze decorations are the well known "blue and white" porcelain originally produced in China and Japan and the Dutch “Delft’s Blue”. The striking blue color is achieved by using the powerful coloring cobalt oxide or cobalt carbonate, both of which are still commonly used in glaze and ceramic pigment formulations today. Decoration applied on top of a layer of glaze, is referred to as overglaze. Overglaze methods include on-glaze decoration fired at temperatures of 780-840 oC and in-glaze decoration fired at temperatures of 1150-1240 oC or by applying precious metals over the glaze. Apart from the transparent glazes numerous special creative glazes include colored, crystalline, special effect and crackled glazes. Also special purpose glazes for medical (dental) and industrial applications are on the market.
Cerium oxide polishing powder. Cerium oxide polishing powder <0.1micron gives the most fantastic shine. This product can be obtained from lapidary shops. See: Burnishing, Polishing.
Chelsea Claret. From 1745 to 1784 the Chelsea factory was the most important of the English porcelain works. Their objects rich and splendid. They invented in 1759 the famous Chelsea claret color employed on its vases. See; Pink to rubi porcelain colors. Circle divider tool. To divide a plate in for instance 7 parts, copy the lines with the number 7. See; http://home.zonnet.nl/henkdvr/images/cirkel.jpg
Citrus oil painting mediums. For those who like to know how “natural” and “non toxic” citrus oil products are, read the book “Artists Complete Health and Safety Guide” by Monona Rossol MS, MFA Industrial Hygenist. Her job is testing this stuff & knowing what it is & isn't.
Citrus oils. Synonyms. Citrus terpenes Orange terpenes Limonene, d-Limonene Cinene Menthadiene, p-Mentha-1,8-diene Cajaputene Kautschin 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene 1-Methyl-4-isopropenyl-1-cyclohexene Health effects. Inhaled Irritating to respiratory system. May cause coughing and headache. Swallowed May cause vomiting and headache Eye contact Irritating to eyes, remove contact lenses immediately. Skin contact Irritating to skin, May cause redness. May cause sensitization of skin. Repeated or prolonged skin contact may cause chronic dermatitis. Product use. Generally mentioned as non toxic cleaner, degreaser, tar and asphalt remover, carpet stain cleaner, printing press cleaner, painting brush cleaner, painting solvent, replacement for toxic chlorinated solvents. Remark. Toxic for cats, dogs, other pets and aquatic organisms.
Claret Ash. Only in Australia they have a bright pink-rubi porcelain paint "Claret ash". Delivered by Alexanders in South Australia. See; http://www.porcelainpainter.com and search for; Claret ash. The name may refer to the Claret Ash tree of the genus Fraxinus in the olive family Oleaceae. These Ashes are usually medium to large trees, mostly deciduous though a few subtropical species are evergreen.. The seeds, popularly known as keys, are a type of fruit known as a samara. The inner bark of the Blue Ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata) has been used as a source for a blue dye. The Claret Ash or Raywood Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia, subsp. oxycarpa) turns rubi in autumn. See; http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/froxr11.htm See also; Pink to rubi porcelain colors.
Clove oil. An essential oil from the tropical tree Syzygium aromaticum. Synonyms; Eugenia aromatica, E. caryophylla. Cloves, leaves and woods are used for distillation of the oil. There is only a difference in the amount of the most important substance “eugenol”. It is used in Copaiba and Fat oil for better fluidity. Pure undiluted clove oil is toxic and etch glass, glaze and your skin.
Cobeni. See: Balsam of Copaiba.
COI Center of Interest
Colors in porcelain painting. It is not like normal painting using materials of various colors mixed with a drying substance.In ceramic painting the colors are a result of a very complicated chemical and physical process. In this process all the following factors play a role; - the composition of the ceramic body, - the composition of the glaze, - the composition of the pigment - the speed of heating - the maximum temperature - the holding time at the maximum temperature - the cooling rate - the atmosphere during the heating cycle; neutral, reducing or oxidizing. For example, - a tin-based glaze painted with a copper-oxide pigment produces in a reducing atmosphere a brilliant red color, but in an oxidizing atmosphere a green color. - in an oxidizing atmosphere pure-nickel-oxide pigments give on borium-based glazes light brown to yellow colors, but on borium-zinc-based glazes aquamarine to deep blue colors. On lead-based glazes violet or dark brown colors. - in an oxidizing atmosphere chromium-oxide pigments give on lead-based glazes dark red at 900 oC (1650 oF)and red-green at 950 oC (1740 oF) and dark-green at 1000 oC (1830 oF) Also longer holding times makes the color going to darker green. Fortunately law rules for dinnerware porcelain restricts the composition of body, glaze and pigments to such an extent that under normal conditions no problems occur. But we must be careful in mixing pigments. Notorious is mixing yellow and red pigments, also painting first with yellow followed by red. Only special “mixing yellow” pigments will give fewer problems.
Cone temperature. The temperature when a cone will bend is not only depending on temperature but also on time. So the speed of heating is a major factor for the temperature that a kiln sitter will act. Normally the temperature tables for cones are given for a heating speed of 150 oC per hour. Lowering the heating speed to 75 oC per hour lowers the reached temperature by approx. 20 oC and increasing the heating speed to 300 oC per hour will increase the reached temperature by approx. 30 oC. Furthermore an empty kiln will heat faster then a fully packed kiln resulting in a small difference in temperature. Orton mini cones. Heating speed 150 oC/hour cone oC oF 020 635 1175 019 683 1261 018 717 1323 017 747 1377 016 792 1458 015 804 1479 014 838 1540 013 852 1566 012 884 1623 011 895 1643 010 900 1652 09 925 1697 08 955 1751 07 984 1803 06 999 1830 05 1046 1914 04 1060 1940
Crazing. Crazing is one of the most common problems related to glaze defects. It appears in the glazed surface of fired ware as a network of fine hairline cracks. The initial cracks are thicker and spiral upward. These are filled in horizontally with finer cracks. Crazing is caused by the glaze being under too much tension. This tension occurs when the glaze contracts more than the body during cooling. Because glazes are a very thin coating, most will pull apart or craze under very little tension. Crazing can make food-safe glazes unsafe and ruin the look of a piece. There are two types of crazing, each with a different cause: Immediate crazing. Appear, when piece removed from a kiln or shortly thereafter caused by size changes during firing. Glazes are designed to shrink less than the body which puts them in compression, make them stronger, and make them less susceptible to crazing. Delayed crazing. Shows up weeks or months later, caused by moisture getting into ware. This type of crazing shows up weeks or months later and is practically always caused by under-firing. If ware is under-fired (does not reach maturity), it can in time expand when moisture fills the pores causing the body to expand.
Crystal Magic. How it works. A thick fluid containg naphthalene, paraffin wax and a plasticizer dissolved in a mixture of organic solvents. Use a thick coat and let it dry completely. The naphthalene forms needle like crystals in the fluid. After evaporating of the solvents and the naphthalene, the paraffin wax and plasticizer stay behind, still showing the needle like structure. Direct firing will burn away all of it, but covering it first with luster or any porcelain paint followed by firing will result in a difference in contrast showing the same patterns.
In case of using the crystal magic in unfired condition any organic color can be added to the fluid to give an extra color effect.
Naphthalene and the mixture of organic solvents are toxic and highly flammable. Keep away from open fire and use very good ventilation. When fly’s are dropping dead the ventilation is not sufficient enough.
General Composition. Crystal Magic contains the following basic ingredients: Naphthalene (naphthene, cycloalkane) as crystalizing component Dibutyl phthalate as plasticizer Paraffin (alkanes ) as filler Further as solvents; Methyl ethyl ketone (methylaceton) Acetone (dimethyl keton) Cyclohexanone (cyclohexyl keton) Isopropyl alcohol (dimethylcarbinol) Hi-flash naphtha ( contains; n-pentane, hexane, , and short chain hydrocarbons.) The ingredients, except paraffin, are very hazardous and highly flammable.
Crystobalite inversion. See: Silica inversions.
Cupayba See: Balsam of Copaiba.
« Last Edit: Jan 15, 2009, 7:50am by Henk de Vries »
Member of IPAT and Dutch Porcelain Painters Association.
Joined: Aug 2005 Gender: Male Posts: 591 Location: Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
Re: CHINA PAINTERS ABC"S « Reply #4 on Jan 5, 2007, 10:20am »
D
Decal paper. Special prepared paper with a layer which can be separated by soaking in water. Printing with porcelain paint ink on this layer is used to transfer designs to ceramics. See; Transfer printing on earthenware and porcelain.
Delft’s blue The only left 17th century pottery in Delft the Netherlands. See; www.royaldelft.nl
Denatured alcohol. See: Methylated spirits
Diamond dentist drill. Used for removing dark spots on porcelain, A small (0.5-1.0mm) diamond dentist drill is clamped in a needle holder. By turning this needle holder between your fingers and lightly pressed on the spot you can fully control the removal. Do not use an electric mini drill tool.
Diamond polishing file. For removing larger spots on porcelain a diamond polishing file obtained from a lapidary shop can be very usefull.
Dichroic glass. Glass coated with ultra thin layers of metallic oxides produced in a high temperature vacuum furnace. The metallic oxides are vaporized by an electron beam and the glass is coated with ultra thin layers. The resulting color is determined by the individual oxide and the coating thickness in the order of 700 angstroms. Such coatings transmit certain wavelengths of light, while reflecting others, thus creating an interference-effect. In fact the optical effects of dichroic glass can be compared with the effect of lusters by which also very thin layers are applied on the porcelain surface giving interference effects. In the production of dichroic glass all kind of metal oxides and combinations of them can be used.
Dicköl. Synonyms: Essence Grass, Fat Oil, Thick oil. Turpentine will thicken by evaporating volatile components by putting it on a warm place.
Diethylene glycol (DEG, Carbitol) (C8H18O3) Diethylene glycol is toxic to humans and animals, and death can occur by renal failure. Much less toxic than its relative ethylene glycol, but still inappropriate for even minor consumption. Several poisonings have occurred when diethylene glycol is substituted for the more expensive non-toxic naturally-occurring "triol" glycerine, also called glycerol in foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals. Because of its toxicity, diethylene glycol is not allowed for food and drugs. The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations allows no more than 0.2% of diethylene glycol in polyethylene glycol when the latter is used as a food additive. Like ethylene glycol, a solution of diethylene glycol and water is used as a coolant. Not to be used in water based porcelain painting mediums
Dust and hairs in paint. The best practice is preventing that dust will fall into the paint or wet painting. Keep paint in closed containers and place the painting upside down when not working on it. To pick up hairs or large dust particles in wet paint use a small peace of bee wax on a stick. Also the tacky stuff that is used to stick posters to the wall or a kneaded eraser can be used. A very special method is used by experienced professional painters using Copaiva balsam with clove oil to paint. They let large paintings completely dry and use very fine sanding paper (600 mesh) to remove the dust particles just before firing and they fire large tile vertical to prevent that dust from the kiln fall upon the tile.
Member of IPAT and Dutch Porcelain Painters Association.
Joined: Aug 2005 Gender: Male Posts: 591 Location: Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
Re: CHINA PAINTERS ABC"S « Reply #5 on Feb 4, 2007, 9:27am »
E
E 6000. Adhesive manufactured by Eclectic Products is headquartered in Eugene, Oregon and has a manufacturing facility in Pineville, Louisiana. Adhesive used with porcelain. An example would be to glue the metal hinges to porcelain boxes.
Earthenware. Earthenware is one of the oldest materials used extensively for pottery, tableware and decorative objects. Although body formulations vary tremendously between countries, and even between individual makers, a generic composition is 25% ball clay, 28% kaolin, 32% quartz, and 15% feldspar. While red earthenware made from red clays is very familiar and recognizable, white and buff colored earthenware clays are also commercially available. Earthenware is typically bisque (or "biscuit") fired at a temperature of around 1000 to 1150 oC (1800 to 2100 oF), and glaze fired (the final firing) at around 950 to 1050 oC (1750 to 1925 oF). Higher firing temperatures will generally cause earthenware to crack. After firing the body is porous and opaque with colors ranging from white to red depending on the raw materials used. Modern earthenware may sometimes be as thin as bone china and other porcelains, though it is not translucent and is more easily chipped. Earthenware is also less strong, less tough, and more porous than stoneware - but its low cost and easier working compensate for these deficiencies. Due to its higher porosity, earthenware must usually be glazed in order to be watertight. Bisque earthenware absorbs up to 10% water and when moist not freeze resistant. See also; Ceramics.
Elmers white glue. Old fashioned all purpose glue manufactured by Elmers Products Inc. (www.elmers.com) Columbus Ohio. Used in repair paste for porcelain. See; Repair paste.
Erasing gum bullet. Mix a two components epoxy resin or silicon rubber with as much as possible silicon carbide grinding or polishing powder and let it harden. For rough grinding use a mesh size 80-120, for fine grinding use a mesh size 200-300, for polishing use a mesh size 800-1200. Grinding powders can be obtained in a lapidary supply shop. The “rough”one is very good for erasing violet stains from gold on porcelain. The finer ones for polishing gold on porcelain or your jewelry.
Essence Grass. See: Dicköl.
Essential oils. Essential oils are aromatic oils obtained by steam or hydro-distillation of plants. Different parts of the plants can be used to obtain essential oils, including the flowers, leaves, seeds, roots, stems, bark, wood, etc. Due to the high concentration care must be taken to handle undiluted essential oils. Some of the undiluted pure oils might be dangerous for your health. Only a few are used for porcelain painting, like; Rosemary, Anis, Lavender, Clove. Of which Rosemary is the least harmful.
Etchall. Etching paste containing ammonium-fluoride. Use gloves and good ventilation. See health aspects. Etch All is delivered by; B & B Products, Inc. 18700 N. 107th Ave. #13 Sun City, Arizona 85373-9759 USA EMERGENCY PHONE # (888) 382-4255 FAX PHONE # (623) 815-9095 INFORMATION PHONE # (623) 933-4567 EMAIL: etchall@etchall.com
Ethanol. See: Methylated spirits.
Ethylene glycol. ( monoethylene glycol, MEG, ethane-1,2-diol) Glycol, C2H4(OH)2, an alcohol with two hydroxyl groups is an odorless, colorless, syrupy liquid with a sweet taste. Ethylene glycol is toxic, and its accidental ingestion should be considered a medical emergency The major use of ethylene glycol is as a coolant or antifreeze in for example automobiles. Due to its low freezing point, it is also used as a deicing fluid for windshields. It is used as an ingredient in shoe polish and also in some inks and dyes. In porcelain painting it is widely used in water-based painting mediums. The major danger from ethylene glycol is following ingestion. Due to its sweet taste, children and animals will sometimes consume large quantities of it if given access to antifreeze. If one has ingested ethylene glycol, give the person an alcoholic beverage while the paramedics arrive. Ethanol acts as a competitive inhibitor to the active site of the enzyme that converts ethylene glycol to its toxic metabolites. Once ethanol binds, the ethylene glycol is harmlessly excreted out of the body. Ethylene glycol poisoning is a medical emergency and in all cases a poison control center should be contacted or medical attention should be sought. It is highly toxic as little as 30 milliliters (2 tablespoons) can be lethal to adults. So be carefull with so called harmless water-based painting mediums.
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Re: CHINA PAINTERS ABC"S « Reply #6 on Feb 4, 2007, 10:35am »
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Fat Oil. See: Dicköl.
Faience. Glazed earthenware made in ancient Egypt, where it was used for beads, amulets, jewelry, and small animal and human figures, most notably the blue-glazed hippopotamus figures. Faience tiles were used to decorate the walls of the subterranean chambers of the pyramids. Polychrome tiles with floral designs were used in houses and palaces. Tin-glazed earthenware made in France, Germany, Spain, and Scandinavia, similar to Faenza majolica, for which it was named. Villeroy&Boch make faience dinnerware; Burgenland blue and red, Old Strassburg and Wild Rose.
Firing. See: Heating and cooling.
Flux. There are two main groups of fluxes, the original (old) fluxes are based on the toxic lead silicate the newer fluxes are based on borium silicate. Both groups lower the melting point of the glaze surface resulting in more shines. Also, in the porcelain paints is always a small amount of flux to ease the reaction of the stains in the paint with the glaze. Adding a tiny bit of extra flux to the paint can give some more shine but generally one takes to much and the color changes or disappears. A lead free flux can easily be made from 38 gr. Borax (hydrated sodium borate NaB4 O7.10H2O) plus 10gr. Quartz (SiO2)
Fürstenberg porcelain manufactory. Still working porcelain manufactory with a large museum. See; www.fuerstenberg-porzellan.de
Focal point.(Focus, FP) In optics; The point at which initially collimated rays of light, meet after passing through a convex lens or reflecting off of a concave mirror. In mathematics; A critical point of a distance function. In an antenna; The driven element, directly connected to the transmission line or source In game theory; An equilibrium more likely to be chosen by the players because it seems special, natural or relevant to them. In daily conversation; A center of interest. In art; (Porcelain painting) The center of interest in an artwork that attracts the viewer's eyes first. The focal point may stand out because of its size, the brightness of its color, the use of contrasting colors, particularly light against dark, or because the components of the painting have been arranged so as to guide the viewer's eye. Generally, it’s best not to knock viewers over the head with your focal point. A little goes a long way, and something simple like a color change can often do more than complex visual acrobatics.
« Last Edit: Aug 11, 2007, 2:48pm by Henk de Vries »
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Re: CHINA PAINTERS ABC"S « Reply #7 on May 14, 2007, 11:49am »
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Glaze. See; Ceramic glazes.
Glycerin. (Glycerine, Glycerol, Glycylalcohol, Glyceritol, Trihydroxypropane, Propanetriol) Glycerin, C3H5(OH)3, is an alcohol with three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. In porcelain painting it is widely used in water based mediums as a thickening agent. In foods and beverages, glycerol serves as humectant, solvent and sweetener, and may help preserve foods. It is also used as filler in low-fat food products, and as a thickening agent in liqueurs. As a food additive, glycerol is also known as E number E422. It is found in cough syrups, elixirs and expectorants, toothpaste, mouthwashes, skin care products, shaving cream, hair care products, and soaps. Glycerin is also highly "hygroscopic" which means that it absorbs water from the air and it would become 80 percent glycerin and 20 percent water. Because of this hygroscopic quality, pure, 100 percent glycerin placed on the tongue may raise a blister, since it is dehydrating. Diluted with water, however, it will soften your skin. Danger of contamination with diethylene glycol. The US Food and Drug Administration advised to test all batches of glycerine for the toxic diethylene glycol. This follows an occurrence of 100 fatal poisonings in Panama.
Glycol. (Ethylene glycol, monoethylene glycol, MEG, ethane-1,2-diol) Glycol, C2H4(OH)2, an alcohol with two hydroxyl groups is an odorless, colorless, syrupy liquid with a sweet taste. Ethylene glycol is toxic, and its accidental ingestion should be considered a medical emergency The major use of ethylene glycol is as a coolant or antifreeze in for example automobiles. Due to its low freezing point, it is also used as a deicing fluid for windshields. It is used as an ingredient in shoe polish and also in some inks and dyes. In porcelain painting it is widely used in water-based painting mediums. The major danger from ethylene glycol is following ingestion. Due to its sweet taste, children and animals will sometimes consume large quantities of it if given access to antifreeze. If one has ingested ethylene glycol, give the person an alcoholic beverage while the paramedics arrive. Ethanol acts as a competitive inhibitor to the active site of the enzyme that converts ethylene glycol to its toxic metabolites. Once ethanol binds, the ethylene glycol is harmlessly excreted out of the body. Ethylene glycol poisoning is a medical emergency and in all cases a poison control center should be contacted or medical attention should be sought. It is highly toxic as little as 30 milliliters (2 tablespoons) can be lethal to adults. So be carefull with so called harmless water-based painting mediums. Propylene Glycol. Molecular formula C3H8O2 , known also by the systematic name propane-1,2-diol, is an organic compound (a diol alcohol), usually a tasteless, odorless, and colorless clear oily liquid that is hygroscopic and miscible with water. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has determined propylene glycol to be "generally recognized as safe" for use in food, cosmetics, and medicines. Like ethylene glycol, propylene glycol affects the body's chemistry by increasing the amount of acid. Propylene glycol is metabolized into lactic acid, which occurs naturally as muscles are exercised, while ethylene glycol is metabolized into oxalic acid, which is toxic. As the general use of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are practically the same it is advisable to use the non toxic propylene glycol.
Gold. Already in ancient times pure gold and mercurygold were used for all kind of decoration. Pure gold. KPM Berlin made gold decorations on porcelain in the 18th century using a mixture of honey and gold powder painted on porcelain and subsequently fired. This so called Honey Gold is the most beautiful gold giving no purple halo. Disadvantage was that Honey Gold is fragile. Later mixtures of gold powder with borax and lead silicate fluxes were used for gilding glass, ceramics and porcelain. Now lead-free porcelain paint fluxes are used with good results. Mercurygold or Gold amalgam. Also widely used for all kind of gilding was mercurygold, an intermetallic compound of gold and mercury melting just above room temperature and decomposing at 360EC. A disadvantage of gilding with mercurygold is the high toxicity of mercury. Furthermore the forming of a purple halo around the gold when fired on glass, ceramics or porcelain. Gold paint for glass and porcelain. There are various types of gold paint. Liquid bright gold (~12% Au). After firing resulting in a shiny layer of gold. Liquid burnishing gold (~17-24% Au). After firing resulting in a matt layer of gold. Roman (burnishing) gold (~35% Au). There are two types, both resulting in a matt layer of gold; * Un-fluxed. This needs a surface prepared with a flux to prevent being rubbed off after firing. * Fluxed. This does not require a prepared fluxed surface and can be applied directly to the fresh china surface.
Gold painting on porcelain. Using gold paints must be done with extreme cleanliness to obtain good results. * Use new brushes and keep them exclusively for gold. * Do not mix the gold paint with other paints or painting mediums. * Use only gold paint thinner or high purity Lavender oil. * Clean brushes in Lavender oil. * Clean the porcelain with pure alcohol or acetone. * When mixing Roman gold with a thinner, use a horn, nylon or plastic spatula not a metal. * Apply gold separate before the latest fire. Reasons for dark spots on the gold after firing. * Dirty surface (dust, fatty fingerprints, wrong cleaner) * Contamination with other paints from dirty brushes * Contamination with turpentine from wrongly cleaned brushes * Use of raise paste for liquid bright gold or liquid burnishing gold * Application of gold paint on unfired base for gold or raise paste Reasons for contraction of the gold-layer (that might result in crazing); * Too fast drying before firing (forced heated air drying) * Too thick paint or layer of paint * Too fast firing in the temperature range where decomposition of organic components take place. Reasons for disappearing of the gold. * Firing at too high temperature. * Too long holding time at maximum temperature. * Painting on a copper containing base. When you still have problems; * Read the rules for painting gold on porcelain again and again * Clean carefully (e.g. with pure Acetone) * Use one layer of paint (thin old paint to the right thickness) * Dry at room temperature (no forced drying) * Heat slowly up to approx 400EC. (let ventilation hole open) * For all use and its applications go to: http://www.porcelainpainters.com/goldhome.html
Gold Banding Hint. To get a perfect band of gold on the bottom when you have had enough caffeine to make the hand shake use the auto detail or striping tape that you get from the professional auto paint shops or sometimes at auto parts shops. 3M makes one that is two parallel strips with a 1/8 inch (3 mm) space in between the stripes. Put the tape where you want the gold, remove the clear plastic covering the middle space, and apply gold there. Make sure to press the tape own really good as you don't want the gold to seep under the tape. Let it dry somewhat and remove the plastic striping tape. This plastic tape will stretch a little so you can gently "encourage" it to fit whatever.
Gold-based porcelain paint. Those paints are expensive but give very bright ruby colour. Adding a drop or touch of gold to ruby will give a more intense colour.
Gold stains. To remove the violet gold stains cover the stain with an iodine-alcohol or water soluble povidon-iodine (polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine PVP-I) solution for 1-3 minutes and rinse with water. For heavy stains repeat the iodine etching. The great advantage of iodine etching is that it doesn’t attack the glaze so it stays shiny. Both the normal iodine tincture and Betadine from the pharmacy work excellently. Etching with very dangerous Whink or somewhat less dangerous Etchall will attack the glaze too and make it dull. Also, grinding will leave grinding marks.
Graphite pencil. Used to draw designs on porcelain. It will adhere to the porcelain better if the porcelain is wiped first with turpentine and allowed to dry.
Graphite Paper. This is a black waxy type of paper that contains the same thing that is in an everyday pencil -graphite. Place the waxy side down to transfer designs from a line drawing.
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Re: CHINA PAINTERS ABC"S « Reply #8 on Aug 10, 2007, 6:48am »
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Hair for Brushes. The 15000-20000 year old cave paintings of Altamira and Lascaux were already painted with brushes made of animal hair connected to sticks.!!! The hair is the most important part of the brush. Generally animal hair remains superior in almost all cases because of its better paint absorption. The various types of hair give each brush its own unique character. Commonly the softer sable and squirrel hair are used for on-glaze porcelain painting. The squirrel for general use, the sable for the finer details. The more abrasion resistant polecat, ox and hog hair are used for under-glaze painting. The polecat hair for the finer details. The ox-ear hair for lining and the hog hair for larger areas. For majolica painting in raw glaze, ox-ear hair brushes are shaped in such a way that only one hair is used to make the fine lines. The body of the brush contains the paint. But it depends on one's own aims, requirements and preferences what brush is most suitable. Brushes with mixed hair combine the properties of different kinds of hair. Kolinsky red sable hair. The tail of the kolinsky sable living in Siberia and Mongolia provides the best quality hair for brushes. This hair ensures excellent paint absorption, excellent resilience and long life. Pure red sable hair Brushes made of red sable hair also show excellent paint take-up, fine resilience and a long life. Squirrel hair. Synonym; “Petit gris pur”. The Russian or Canadian squirrel tail provides hair which excels with its softness and paint take-up. Synthetic Hair. Synonyms; Selected filament, Synthetic polyester fibres. Due to the scarcity of sable synthetic hair has been developed with virtually the same properties as sable, but at a more attractive price. But the paint absorption capacity is lower than that of sable. The resilience and resistance to wear are being as good than that of sable. Iltis. Synonym; Fitch hair, Polecat hair. The Russian Iltis polecat tail provide hair which has a great capacity for taking up paint, is highly abrasion resistant and unusually resilient. The hairs can be set perfectly in a fine shape. Ox(-ear) hair This hair is generally used as a cheap alternative to red sable. The hair features good take up of paint, is reasonably resilient and has a long life. Chunking Comes from hogs living in the Chinese province of Chungking. This hair is extremely flexible and resilient and has a very high paint take-up and is extremely abrasion resistant. Hog bristle Hog hair is reasonably stiff and features a good paint take-up and abrasion resistance.
Health aspects and safety precautions in china painting. There is a lot of misunderstanding about health aspects and safety precautions in china painting. Toxicity of china painting powders. Not only lead and cadmium containing china paints are toxic, all are more or less bad for your health. Do not inhale powders, do not eat during painting and wash your hands after painting. Most western countries have required that paints containing high levels of lead or cadmium to be banned or lessened in the mix to acceptable levels. Do not use old paints. They have much higher level of toxicity than the new ones. There is new lead-free paint being offered by some china companies. The same for flux. The old ones are based on the toxic lead silicate. The new ones are based on the less toxic borium-silicate. So check which type of flux you are using. Toxicity of china painting mediums. Only pure balsam of Copaiba is not toxic and gives no allergic reactions. Pure turpentine oil is not toxic but a lot of people are allergic for it. Also, some do not like the smell. Water-base painting mediums suggest being safe but in most cases they contain glycols and those are also bad for your health. Essential oils are extremely concentrated and might be very toxic. We all use thyme (thymus vulgaris) in our kitchen but thyme oil is toxic due to the high concentration. Industrial citric oils might contain fungicides, insecticides and ripening agents. Only the special types for the food industry are safe. Check for certification labels on them to insure the user that they have been tested and are within acceptable levels. See “The essential oils, by Julia Lawless, Element books Shaftesbury Dorset England”. Toxicity of precious metal paints and lusters. Precious metal china paints and lusters contain toxic organic compounds. Toxic fumes from firing painted china. The exhausting fume during firing painted china are toxic, especially those from precious metal paints and lusters. Do not stay in the same room when firing at any time. Do have adequate ventilation and if possible install a venting system near the kiln. The vapours of most mediums are very bad for the lungs. Also from so called harmless or save mediums, like for instance mineral oils. The smoke of mineral turpentine or light paraffin oil is highly toxic for your lungs. Etching china with hydrofluoric acid or ammonium fluoride or other fluor components. Hydrofluoric acid is the most dangerous acid even in low concentrations. Using Hydrofluoric acid is very dangerous, Latex or house hold gloves are not save enough, you need special gloves, a face mask and a special exhausting cabinet for the vapour. In case of contact with your skin directly apply lots of calcium-gluconate gel (2 or 3 %) at least for 2 hours. It harms your lungs terribly, goes through your skin and bones and the wounds heal slowly. The fluor ion attacks the calcium balance in your system giving delayed heart problems. And all that risk for a lousy piece of porcelain. Be wise and take a new piece of porcelain and paint again. When you can paint it one time, you can do it again. When you harm your lungs or hands you cannot replace them. Furthermore look at the following site for deadly accidents with Hydrofluoric acid! http://www.safetyline.wa.gov.au/pagebin/injrsign0079.htm For medical information See; http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic804.htm Ammonium fluoride is much less dangerous but still you have to take care. Hydrofluoric acid, in pure form, is banned in the US as far as able to buy it over the counter. It used to be used to etch china, but it cannot be bought by individuals now and can only be used in industrial situations by professionals. However, small amounts are still in a product like “Whink” and rust removers, and also in “China Eraser”. In “Etchall” the active compound is ammonium fluoride. Safety precautions for China painting with children. Be very careful to let children paint china. Never let them mix the painting powders. Keep them under your sight for every second. !!! Only with wise parental or teacher guidance children can safely use paints and supplies for painting on china. When you like to have fingerprints or hand prints on a plate use pure honey, without any paint to make the print and afterwards do it your self to powder that print with paint.
Health aspects of using painted china as dinner ware. Only original dinnerware afterwards painted with lead and cadmium free china paint (no lusters) and fired above 800 EC to a shiny gloss is safe for use with food. Matt painted china is not safe for dinner ware. Precious metal china paints are safe after firing, but lusters not !!!
Heating and cooling. In painting high quality porcelain plates the firing seldom give problems. But complex shapes, thicker, lower quality, unknown ceramics, might give serious problems. A general advice is take your time. You spend many hours in painting why firing as fast as possible to ruin your work. A number of factors are involved. -Thermal stresses in complex shapes and great difference in thicknesses when heating or cooling to fast ( > 200 oC per hour) -Crystobalite inversion (phase transition at 227 oC) in silica containing materials give a 2.5% volume change. Heating and cooling to fast (>200 oC per hour) can give to high stresses and fracture. -Quartz inversion (phase transition at 573 oC) give a 1% volume change. -Free and crystal bound water can give steam forming and to high stresses and fracture. Slow heating and a holding time at approx. 120 oC and 360 oC is needed to remove all the water. -Evaporating and burning the painting medium needs also some time and ventilation. Poor ventilation might influence the colours of the painting. -The vapour of lusters are famous for discolouring paintings.
Heating wires for kilns. As heating wires for our kilns generally “Kanthal” (70% iron-25% chromium-5% aluminium) or “Nikrothal” (45% iron-35% nickel-20% chromium) alloys are used. The new, fine crystalline, wires are ductile and can be spirallized. After long term use at high temperatures crystal growth will take place and make the material brittle. This is irreversibly. Every heating to high temperature will make the wires more brittle and shorten the life time.
Henneberg porcelain. Graf von Henneberg, Am Eichicht 1, D-98693, Ilmenau, Germany. See; www.graf-von-henneberg.de
Heraeus. Ceramic pigments and precious metal porcelain paints and lusters. See; www.wc-heraeus.de
Hydrofluoric acid. This is one of the strongest and most dangerous acids. Using Hydrofluoric acid is very dangerous as latex or house hold gloves are not save enough, you need special gloves, a face mask and a special exhausting cabinet for the vapour. It harms the lungs terribly, it goes trough the skin and bones and the wounds heal very slowly. In case of contact with your skin directly apply lots of 2-3% calciumgluconate gel at least for 2 hours and go to a hospital. Tell them that the fluor ion attacks the bloodcalcium and might give dangerous delayed hearth problems. Let them look at the following website for deadly accidents with HF. http://www.safetyline.wa.gov.au/pagebin/injrsign0079.htm See also the special file "Health aspects and safety precautions" Also go to the following site; http://www.safetyline.wa.gov.au/pagebin/injrsign0079.htm
« Last Edit: Feb 28, 2008, 6:09am by Henk de Vries »
Member of IPAT and Dutch Porcelain Painters Association.
Joined: Aug 2005 Gender: Male Posts: 591 Location: Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
Re: CHINA PAINTERS ABC"S « Reply #9 on Aug 10, 2007, 6:48am »
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Imitation gold. Synonyms: Musiv gold or Aurum musivum, Mosaic gold or Aurum mosaicum, artificial gold, cat's gold, fools gold, bronze powder. A medieval imitation gold, chemical formula SnS2. Stannic sulphide obtained as a yellow scaly crystalline powder, and used as a pigment in bronzing and gilding wood, porcelain and metals. It is not attacked by hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. Modern equivalent would be a gold gouache. This yellow metallic pigment composed of stannic sulfide was used as an inexpensive gold-like pigment in manuscripts and gilding as early as the 13th century. Later replaced by bronze powders in the middle of the 19th century. Mosaic Gold was also used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine under the Sanskrit/Indian name Suvarnavanga. It was used as an aphrodisiac, brain tonic, in skin diseases, diseases caused by the derangement of ‘vata’ and ‘kapha’. It was an important ingredient in ayurvedic medicine against impotency. It is not longer used as a medicine.
Incising paste. A paste is applied to the porcelain or other glazed surface and covered with a specific type of glass beads that cause the glaze surface to crack and chip off during the cooling process, exposing the body of the clay. Liquid bright gold, lustres, metallics etc. can then be applied and fired to give assorted etched effects and patterns.
Iodine. Iodine is a well-known halogen widely used for disinfection purposes. In porcelain painting it is used to remove purplish gold stains. See; Gold stains.
I-relief. A structure/texture paste, can be mixed with a variety of solutions: oil or water-based mediums, milk etc. to a consistency thick enough to hold its shape. It can be applied with a stylus, brush, sponge, satay sticks, syringes etc. to obtain a wide variety of effects.
« Last Edit: Jan 17, 2008, 7:23am by Henk de Vries »
Member of IPAT and Dutch Porcelain Painters Association.
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Re: CHINA PAINTERS ABC"S « Reply #10 on Aug 10, 2007, 6:49am »
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Japanese Ceramics. -Yaki is the Japanese word for porcelain, pottery and earthenware. -Sometsuke is the general term for porcelain in white and -under-glaze blue. -Kyushu island is the centre of the Japanese porcelain industry. -Imari is the name of a port near Arita on the island Kyushu. Today the word Imari has become a synonym for Japanese porcelain in general. -Ko-Imari is the name of a style of polychrome enamel with characteristic five colour glazes with gold and silver painted on cobalt under-glaze bodies. The different styles in Imari ware are named after the region where they are produced or after the potter families who had invented the style. -Arita is the name of the largest city on Kyushu island. Arita porcelain is best known as “Arita blue and white”, characterized by a typical under-glaze blue and elegant lively patterns. Kakiemon is also produced in the Arita area. This line of porcelain goes back to its founder, -Kakiemon I (ca. 1596-1666) of the Sakaida family. Kakiemon I is considered to be the first to produce porcelain with enamel techniques and overglaze colours in Japan. Kakiemon comes primarily in square, octagonal or hexagonal shapes. Typical colours for Kakiemon are red, light blue, yellow and blue-like green colors. -Fukugawa, Also the Fukugawa family produced porcelain in the Arita region since the seventeenth century. Fukugawa comes in a wide variety of designs and colours. Characterized as a combination of traditional Japanese designs with western style elements. -Kutani was a leading porcelain centre in the Ishikawa Prefecture since the seventeenth century. Early Kutani is characterized by green and brown colours. Later Kutani has bright colours in green, blue, aubergine, yellow, orange, black and gold. -Satsuma is something between porcelain and pottery. Satsuma originates from the seventeenth century. The prince of Satsuma in the Southern area of Kyushu Island had established a kiln with the help of Korean potters. Satsuma from this time was made of brown clay. In the late eighteenth century Satsuma was so popular that clay from the Kyushu Island was brought to Awata near Kyoto to produce Satsuma, now known as Kyoto Satsuma. The characteristics of Satsuma are rich decorations with gold and polychrome colours on a soft, ivory-coloured, crackled glaze. Typical for the decoration of Satsuma is the use of a highly saturated blue glaze. -Banko pottery have been produced since the nineteenth century and comes usually as teapots with charming designs of a peculiar style. Some Banko pottery is unglazed while others can be very colourful and decorated with sculpture-like high reliefs in very imaginative shapes. -Sumida pottery is a heavy, brightly glazed pottery and often has human and animal figures as reliefs. This pottery has its name from the Sumida river in an area near Tokyo. -Kenzan is a style founded by Ogata Kenzan (1663-1743), a poet, potter and painter. -Nabeshima is a very rare and expensive porcelain. Until the Edo period it was not sold on the domestic market and reserved for export and use by the Nabeshima family and the noble classes. Nabeshima wares are finer and thinner than normal Arita ware. -Hirado porcelain was not allowed for sale on the domestic Japanese market. Hirado is mostly found in milky white and under-glaze blue colours.
Jesuit’s balsam. See: Balsam of Copaiba.
Jojoba oil. Jojoba (Simmodsia chinensis is a perennial woody shrub native to southern Arizona, southern California and northwestern Mexico. Native Americans extracted the oil from jojoba seeds to treat sores and wounds centuries ago. Today 40,000 acres of jojoba are under cultivation in the southwestern US The oldest commercial jojoba plantings in the US were established in the late 1970s, and present production of jojoba oil is in the range of thousands of tons per year. The major world producers are the United States, Mexico and Australia. See; http://www.mountainroseherbs.com/bulkoil/bulkoil.php and; http://www.rirdc.gov.au/champions/JojobaScience.html and; Repel painting.
Kang Hsi. Emperor from the Ming dynasty. Porcelain with a blue/white design
Kanthal. Approx. 70% iron- 25% chromium- 5% aluminium alloys used for heating wires up to 1300-1400 oC. (2370-2550 oF). After long term use at high temperatures crystal growth occurs making the material brittle. See also; http://www.kanthal.com/
Kiln wash. Synonym; Bat wash. To prevent sticking glazed porcelain or glass objects to the kiln support plates high melting point minerals are used as a kiln wash. Generally used minerals are: Magnesium oxide (MgO) with a melting point of 2800 oC, aluminium oxide (Al2O3) with a melting point of 2050 oC, Magnesium-Aluminium oxide (MgAl2O4) Spinell with a melting point of approx. 1950-2150 oC depending on the exact composition. The minerals are mixed with some water and brushed over the plates and dried. The remaining powder prevents adherence of glaze or glass.
Kiln ventilation. See: Heating and cooling.
« Last Edit: Aug 11, 2007, 3:30pm by Henk de Vries »
Member of IPAT and Dutch Porcelain Painters Association.
Joined: Aug 2005 Gender: Male Posts: 591 Location: Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
Re: CHINA PAINTERS ABC"S « Reply #12 on Aug 10, 2007, 6:49am »
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Lanolin. Lanolin is a mixture of cholesterol and the esters of several fatty acids. Crude grades of lanolin also contain wool alcohols, which are an allergen to some people. It is insoluble in water, but can forms an emulsion. Lanolin is secreted from a sheep’s sebaceous glands and acts as a waterproofer to protect the sheep’s wool from the elements Lanolin is widely used in cosmetics. Lanolin is readily absorbed through skin, facilitating absorption of the medicinal chemicals it carries.The name given to the product 'Oil of Olay' was chosen by the inventor, Graham Wulff Using cosmetic products which contain impure lanolin with wool alcohol can result in an allergic reaction for some people. The water-repellent properties make it also valuable as a lubricant grease. Lanolin is sometimes used as medium for porcelain painting, as any sticky completely burning product during firing can be.
Lavandin oil, Lavender oil. See: Lavender oils.
Lavender oils. The lavender family Lamiaceae (syn. Labiateae) has more than twenty species that are mostly of Mediterranean origin. There are three main species producing lavender, lavandin and spike oils. True lavender oil is derived from Lavandula angustifolia (syn. L. officinalis). Lavandin oil is derived from a hybrid of angustifolia and latifolia. (L. hybrida, L. hortensis). Spike oil is derived from L. latifolia (syn. L. spica). In French Aspic oil. The traditional extraction of the oils is done by steam distillation of the flower heads. The industrial solvent extraction is done with the whole top sections of the plants. The main components of the oils are; Lavender; Caryophelene 3-12%, Linalool 30-50%, Linalyl acetate 30-45%. Lavandin; Camphor 5-10%, Cineole 5-10%, Linalool 30-40%, Linalool acetate 20-30%. Spike(Aspic); Camphor 20-30%, Cineole 20-30%, Linalool 40-50%, Linalyl acetate <15%.
LBG . See: Liquid Bright Gold. See: Gold, Gold paint for glass and porcelain, Gold painting on porcelain.
Leach ability of lead and cadmium. If the surface passes the standards set by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), then it may be used on food contact areas and can be labelled as dinnerware safe. Glazes fall into the following categories. * Non-Toxic: Refers to the product in the jar. Contains no harmful ingredients in sufficient quantities that could be harmful to humans. * Health Caution: Refers to the product in the jar. There are some ingredients present in large enough quantities that the product may be harmful to humans. More detailed information is available on the relevant Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). * Dinnerware Safe/ Food Safe: Refers to the finished, fired surface of the glaze. Once fired according to the instructions on the product label, the fired surface may be used in contact with food or beverage without leaching potential harmful elements from the glaze into the food or beverage. In principle those rules must also be followed for porcelain paints and painted products.
Leaching tests All glazes leaches to some extent when it comes into contact acids in our food, especially if the contact occurs over a period of time or the acid is hot. The ability of the glaze to pass two simple tests can be an indication that it will be food save. Dishwasher Test: Take two identical items and put one in the dishwasher for two months. Compare the surfaces of the two very closely. If the washed one looks any different, either in colour, gloss, or texture then you have a soluble glaze. Vinegar Test: Take an item and put it in a container half full of vinegar and leave it for several days. Dry the item and compare the colour and gloss of the surface above and below the liquid line. Any difference indicates that the glaze is subject to leaching.
Lead poisoning Long-term exposure to low levels of lead may result in the gradual accumulation of lead and the development of a number of disorders and diseases, including learning and behavior problems, cardiovascular and kidney diseases, decreased fertility, hypertension and cancer. The maximum allowed lead level for adults is 10 microgram per deciliter of blood. See: http://www.lead.org.au/fs/fst7.htm For those who like to know how lead in the blood can be tested see the Website of ESA in Chelmsford MA. Their test kit needs two drops of blood and gives the answer in 3 minutes. See: http://www.esainc.com/products/type/systems/clinical/lead_poisoning/leadcare
Line Drawing. A line drawing is a black & white copy of a drawing of a study. This is used to copy from. You can place the line drawing directly on the china and place graphite paper under it with the greasy side down toward the china and then use a ball point pen or stylus to transfer the drawing onto the china. Or, you can first trace the line drawing onto tracing paper or acetate paper and then place this on your china and again use the graphite or saral to transfer the design.
Liquid Bright Gold. See: Gold, Gold paint for glass and porcelain, Gold painting on porcelain.
Lusters. The application of very thin metallic layers on porcelain was already used in the 8th century in Persia. Via Egypt and the African coast it was in the 13th century introduced in Spain as Hispano-Moresque earthenware. About 1600 it was used in Italy as Maiolica-Deruta. In 1800 it was used in England by Wedgwood. Platinum, Gold, Silver and Copper are dissolved in acid and with an oily medium painted on glazed ceramics and fired to obtain a thin iridescent metallic film on the surface. Platinum gives a silver color, Gold a ruby, Silver a straw color. Copper depending on furnace atmosphere and temperature, glaze composition and layer thickness a greenish up to a bright copper color. Do not use lusters for dinner ware, see also safety and health precautions.
Member of IPAT and Dutch Porcelain Painters Association.
Joined: Aug 2005 Gender: Male Posts: 591 Location: Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
Re: CHINA PAINTERS ABC"S « Reply #13 on Aug 10, 2007, 6:50am »
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Majolica. Originally earthenware covered on the front with an opaque white tin-glaze and on the back with a transparent lead-glaze and decorated in the raw glaze with only the oxides of cobalt for blue, copper for green, cadmium for yellow, manganese for brown and iron for red. Newer technics and materials brought the quality and designs of the original house hold majolica to the highest level of brilliantly glazed and decorated ceramic. For more info see: http://www.majolicasociety.com/index.html
Mal-dos-sete-dias. See: Balsam of Copaiba.
Marble imitations on porcelain. In old castles and buildings painted marble on wood is often so real that you have to knock on it to hear that it is wood and not marble. Porcelain painters also imitate marble for backgrounds and borders on plates. As there are many types of marble only some general rules can be given. * cover the whole plate with a light base color and also a very little darker one. * use a large flat brush and load the two colors on both sides of the brush and make large irregular strokes to cover the whole plate * fire the plate * choose darker colours with the same method to make the marble patterns * use a wipe-out or dry brush to make light veins in the marble patterns and make also some very small irregular light spots in the marble patterns with a tooth pick * fire the plate * fill the light spots with an irregular touch of burnishing gold (no round points of bright gold) * fire the plate To paint a marble border one must realise that the veins in the marble do not go radial to the centre of the plate.
Matidisguate, Matisihuati. See: Balsam of Copaiba.
Matt glazes. Matt glazes are made by additions of Zinc oxide, Titanium Oxide, Calcium carbonate Talcum, Strontium carbonate. A waxy matt surface is obtained by addition of 5% Titanium oxide plus 5% Tin oxide. This mixture can also be used on a glazed surface as titanium oxide in higher concentrations acts as a flux.
Mattifying agent. A white pigment made of barium sulfate BaSO4 to be added to a fluxed color to mattify. Barium sulfate is used as a contrast substance for X-ray examination.
Mediums for porcelain painting. Synonyms; Painting medium, Painting oil. In principle any non toxic sticky fluid that burns completely without leaving remains on the surface can be used for painting. Some teachers have their own secret formula. But do not forget it’s not the painting medium or the special brushes that make the painting, it’s your own skill and nothing else. Over the many years that porcelain painting is done some painting mediums are still used by the famous porcelain manufacturers all over the world. Those are Copaiba and Fat oil. New are so called water-base mixtures of sugar, dextrose, Arabic gum, glycerine, (poly)glycols and (higher)alcohols. Those should be less toxic but the paints added to the medium are extremely more toxic, so this is a wrong point of view.
Methylated spirits. Synonym Denaturated Alcohol. Composition; 95% ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol. ( Often coloured and with addition of a strong odour.) Ethanol burns with a hot, pale-blue flame. It is miscible with water. Uses include consumption in alcoholic beverages, a solvent, an antifreeze solution, and a fuel. Ethanol is used as an additive to car fuel and is burnt with liquid oxygen in some rocket engines. When Ethanol is burnt in air, the results of combustion are carbon dioxide and water. Methyl alcohol, or methanol, is also sometimes called wood spirit. It is produced by the destructive distillation of wood, or by a synthetic process which involves reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen gas. In badly controlled home made spirits methanol might be present making it toxic. Methanol is poisonous and, if consumed, causes blindness, insanity, and eventual death. It is commonly used as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol, and is miscible with water. Methanol burns with a pale, nonluminous flame. Uses: Removing paint, dust, debris, fingerprints and etc. from painting surfaces. Also, used as a general solvent for cleaning brushes and other painting surfaces.
Microwave kilns for glass jewelry fusion. The microwave kilns consist of a ceramic base of approx 7 inch diameter and 4 inch high with a cylindrical hole of approx 4 inch diameter and1½ inch deep. The side of that hole is covered with siliconcarbide acting as heating source due to the microwave field. The base is covered with a top of approx 1 inch thick. Using approx 500-600 Watt for 8 minutes will give temperatures up to 800 ̊C. Porcelain painters also use it for small items like pendants. Do not contaminate your kitchen microwave by using it for glass fusion or porcelain painting.
Mineral oil. Mineral oil is a by-product in the distillation of petroleum to produce gasoline. It is a transparent, colorless oil composed mainly of alkanes and cyclic paraffins, Widely used as fuel for oil lamps. Mineral oil with added fragrance is marketed as baby oil. Also used as an ingredient in baby lotions, cold creams, ointments and other pharmaceuticals and low-grade cosmetics. In porcelain painting used as an non toxic open painting medium, but the exhausting fumes during firing are toxic for the lungs so good ventilation is needed. Mineral oil is sometimes taken orally as a laxative. It lubricates feces and intestinal mucous membranes, and limits the amount of water removed from feces, most information shows that it passes harmlessly through the gastrointestinal system. If used at all, mineral oil should never be given internally to young children, pets, or anyone with a cough, hiatus hernia, or nocturnal reflux, and should be swallowed with care. Due to its low density, it is easily aspirated into the lungs, where it cannot be removed by the body and can cause serious complications such as lipoid pneumonia. While popular as a folk remedy, there are many safer alternatives available. In children, if aspirated, the oil can work to prevent normal breathing, resulting in death of brain cells and permanent paralysis and/or retardation.
Mineral turpentine. Is a crude oil destillate hydrogen treated to a light “n-paraffin”. It has absolute nothing in common with turpentine an oleoresin from pine trees. Also “Schjerning 163" Turpentine thinner medium is a paraffin crude oil destillate.
MO. Mineral oil. See mineral turpentine.
Monochrome painting. (Camaïeu) Painting in one colour where accents are made by the intensity of the colour.
Mop brush. Synonym; Bunny brush, Makeup brush. A large soft brush used to gently softening the applied paint in the American soft look technic. Moving the brush nearly touching the paint from light to dark. For a wash-over moving in all directions. Working with the mop brush needs some practice not to really move the paint but just a very light touching the surface to take away the brush strokes from painting. Keep your brush dust free. Otherwise, you apply dust to the painting.
MOP. See: Mother of Pearl.
Mother of Pearl. Mother of pearl, also known as Nacre or Sadaf, is a naturally occurring organic-inorganic composite of calcium carbonate. There are two common forms of calcium carbonate, aragonite and calcite. They differ in their crystal shape, their chemical formula (CaCO3) is the same. Many mollusk shells are composed of the aragonite form of calcium carbonate. Abalone shells have a "mother-of-pearl" luster, as do many oysters. This nacre form of calcium carbonate platelets is a special type of aragonite. Nacre is secreted by the ectodermic cells of the mantle tissue of certain species of mollusks. In these mollusks, nacre is continually deposited onto the inner surface of the animal's shell as a means to smooth the shell itself and as a defence against parasitic organisms. This iridescent inner layer is highly attractive and is often used in making jewellery or as inlays. When a mollusk is invaded by a parasite or is irritated by a foreign object that the animal cannot eject, a process known as ncystations entomb the offending entity in successive, concentric layers of nacre. This process forms what we call pearls and continues for as long as the mollusk lives. In porcelain painting Mother of Pearl is referred to special lusters giving a shell like surface. To make Mother-of-Pearl more colourful add a drop or two of liquid bright gold in a bottle of Mother of pearl, too much will make it gray.
MX54 medium. Produced by Ceradel France. ( http://www.ceradel.com ) In the US distributed by TCC in Houston. (www.thechinacorner.com ) Basically MX54 is a pine oil mixed with dipentene. Dipentene is racemic limonene obtained from the rind of citrus fruits. (racemic is equal amounts of left- and righthanded molecules). Dipentene has a lemon-orange fragrance. As any other pine oil (fat oil) it can be combined with clove oil to keep it longer open.
« Last Edit: May 31, 2010, 8:16am by Henk de Vries »
Needle Pick. This tool looks like a pencil shaped wood with a thick needle stuck in the end of it. It is used to push or pick little spots off the glaze of a painted piece of china. You will push at the spot from all sides until it starts to pop off. This is especially helpful for portraits. But it takes a lot of hard pushing to get the spots off. See also: Diamond dentist drill & Diamond polishing file.
Nib. Pen point used with ink to draw or write or make dots, etc.
Nikrothal. Approx. 45% iron- 35% nickel- 20% chromium alloys used for heating wires up to 1100- 1200EC. (2010-2190EF). After long term use at high temperatures crystal growth occurs making the material brittle. See also; www.kanthal.com/
« Last Edit: Sept 26, 2007, 11:07am by Henk de Vries »
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